43  41. Practice Questions - TOPICS: Parallel Vectors, &, |, scientific notation, etc.

#######################################################################
# Given the following parallel vectors answer the questions below
#######################################################################

# The following are parallel vectors

students <- c("joe",    "sue",      "al",     "anne",      "esther", "bob",    "larry",    "carla")
gender   <- c("m",      "f",        "m",      "f",         "f",      "m",      "m",        "f")
year     <- c("senior", "freshman", "senior", "sophomore", "senior", "senior", "freshman", "sophomore")
test1    <- c(85,        82,         70,        95,         93,       100,       39,       90)
test2    <- c(95,        60,         75,        92,         93,       90,        68,       80)
test3    <- c(100,       69,         79,        81,         93,       80,        89,       82)
honors   <- c(TRUE,     FALSE,      FALSE,     TRUE,       FALSE,    FALSE,      FALSE,    TRUE)
homeState<- c("ca",     "nj",       "wa",      "ny",       "ny",     "ca",       "nj",     "wa")
major    <- c("fin",    NA,         "acc",     NA,         "mar",    "acc",      "acc",    "fin")

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Answer the questions below by writing R commands to calculate the answers.
# The answers should still be correct even if the actual values in the vectors change.
# You can assume that there are no NA values in the data EXCEPT for in the vector, major
# If a student hasn't declared a major yet, the entry in the major vector is NA.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

43.1 QUESTION 1

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 1  
# Show the number of grades on test1 that were below 70
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sum( test1 < 70 )
[1] 1

43.2 QUESTION 2

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 2
# Show the number of grades below 70 on any of the tests
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sum(c ( test1<70, test2<70, test3<70) )
[1] 4

43.3 QUESTION 3

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 3
# Show the percent of seniors who are from NY
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sum(year == "senior" & homeState == "ny") / sum(year == "senior")
[1] 0.25

43.4 QUESTION 4

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 4
# Show the number of students who have not yet declared a major (i.e. major is NA)
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sum ( is.na(major) )
[1] 2

43.5 QUESTION 5

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 5
# Show the number of students 
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
length (students)   # or length(ANY_OF_THE_VECTORS)
[1] 8

43.6 QUESTION 6

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 6
# Show the names of the students who scored at least 5 points above average on test1
# test1
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
students[ test1 >= mean(test1) + 5]
[1] "anne"   "esther" "bob"    "carla"

43.7 QUESTION 7

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 7
# Show the names of the students who scored at least 5 points above average on test1
# and also on test2
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
students[ test1 >= mean(test1) + 5 & test2 >= mean(test2) + 5]
[1] "anne"   "esther" "bob"

43.8 QUESTION 8

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 8
# Show the names of the students who scored at least 5 points above average
# on either test1 or test2
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
students[ test1 >= mean(test1) + 5 | test2 >= mean(test2) + 5]
[1] "joe"    "anne"   "esther" "bob"    "carla"

43.9 QUESTION 9

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 9
# Show the names of the male students 
# who scored at least 5 points above average on either test1 or on test2
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
students[ gender == "m" & (test1 >= mean(test1) + 5 | test2 >= mean(test2) + 5)]
[1] "joe" "bob"

43.10 QUESTION 10

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 10
# Show the number of accounting (acc) majors. 
#
# NOTE: Be careful - some of the entries in the majors vector are NA.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sum( major == "acc" & !is.na(major))
[1] 3

43.11 QUESTION 11

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 11
# Show the number of students who have NOT declared that 
# they are acc majors (this includes students who have not yet declared a major). 
#
# NOTE: Be careful - some of the entries in the majors vector are NA.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sum ( major != "acc" | is.na(major))
[1] 5

43.12 QUESTION 12

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 12
# Show the percent of the students who have declared that they are acc majors.
#
# NOTE: Be careful - some of the entries in the majors vector are NA.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ANSWER
mean( major=="acc" & !is.na(major) )
[1] 0.375
# ANOTHER ANSWER 
sum(major == "acc" & !is.na(major)) / length(major)
[1] 0.375

43.13 QUESTION 13

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 13
# Show the percent of the seniors who have declared that they are acc majors.
# 
#
# NOTE: Be careful - some of the entries in the majors vector are NA.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sum(major == "acc" & !is.na(major) & year == "senior") / sum(year == "senior")
[1] 0.5

43.14 QUESTION 14

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 14
# Write code to show the names of the students who continually got lower grades.
# ie test1 was the highest and test3 was the lowest grade
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
students [ test1 > test2 & test2 > test3 ]
[1] "anne" "bob"

43.15 QUESTION 15

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 15
# Show the students who got 100 on all three tests
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Note - When you run the command below using the data above, the 
# result is "character(0)".  This simply means that R is returning a character vector 
# that has zero entries. This is because in the data above, no one got 100 on all
# three tests. R reports this by showing "character(0)" as the result.
#
# The code WOULD produce the name of any student who got 100 on all 3 tests. 
# This is the correct answer since the code should work even if the actual
# data is different. If you want to check this you can add a new student whose
# test grades are all 100 or change the test grades for one or more of the students.

students [  test1==100 & test2==100 & test3==100   ]
character(0)

43.16 QUESTION 16

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 16
# Show the students who got the same grade for all three tests
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
students [  test1==test2 & test2==test3 ]
[1] "esther"

43.17 QUESTION 17

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 17
# Show the freshemn and sophomores whose highest grade was on the third test
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
students [  (year=="freshman" | year=="sophomore") & test3 > test1 & test3 > test2 ]
[1] "larry"

43.18 QUESTION 18

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 18
# Show the average grade on test1 of honors students who are also seniors
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mean( test1[ honors == TRUE & year == "senior"]  )
[1] 85

43.19 QUESTION 19

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 19
# Use a single command to create a vector that contains 
# the average grade on test1 the honors students in the first position and
# the average grade on test1 for the non honors students in the 2nd position
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c(mean(test1[honors == TRUE]) , mean(test1[honors==FALSE]))
[1] 90.0 76.8

43.20 QUESTION 20

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 20
# Write a command that shows the names of the honors students who are from NY, NJ or CT
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
students [ honors == TRUE & (homeState == "ny" | homeState == "nj" | homeState == "ct") ]
[1] "anne"

43.21 QUESTION 21

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 21
# Answer the previous question without using the | operator. 
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
students [ honors == TRUE & homeState %in% c("ny","nj","ct") ]
[1] "anne"

43.22 QUESTION 22

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 22
# 
# Create a vector that shows the students name, gender and homeState
# for all of the female students in the following format:
#
#     "sue;f;nj"  "anne;f;ny" "esther;f;ny" "carla;f;wa" 
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
paste(students[gender=="f"], gender[gender=="f"], homeState[gender=="f"], sep=";")
[1] "sue;f;nj"    "anne;f;ny"   "esther;f;ny" "carla;f;wa"

43.23 QUESTION 23

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 23
# 
# Create a single value that has one "m" for each male student and one "f" for
# each female student. The f's should be first before the m's. The f's and m's should
# be separated from each other with dashes (see example below).
# For example, if there would be 5 female and 2 male students your code should show:
#
#   "f-f-f-f-f-m-m"
#
# Remember that your code should work even if the current data changes. (I don't know
# what the data that you get will be.)
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
paste(sort(gender), sep="", collapse="-")
[1] "f-f-f-f-m-m-m-m"

43.24 QUESTION 24

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 24
# Write a command that displays the names and majors of the studets who are NOT honors students.
# The output should be in the following format: each student should be on a separate line.
# There should be a tab between the student's name and their major. See example output below.
# (NOTE that the results should be correct even if the actual data changes):
#
#    sue    NA
#    al     acc
#    esther mar
#    bob    acc
#    larry  acc
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cat( paste( students[!honors] , major[!honors], sep="\t", collapse="\n") )
sue NA
al  acc
esther  mar
bob acc
larry   acc

43.25 QUESTION 25

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 25
# Write a function named isEven that takes a single argument named nums that is 
# expected to be a numeric vector.
# The function should return a logical vector. 
# Each entry in the logical vector should be TRUE if the corresponding number is even
# and FALSE if the corresponding number is odd.
#
# EXAMPLE: 
# # DEFINE THE FUNCTION isEven HERE
# > isEven ( c(2, 13, 23, 14) )
# [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
isEven = function(nums){
  nums %% 2 == 0
}

43.26 QUESTION 26

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 26
# Write a command that uses the function isEven that you created in the 
# previous question to display those test1 grades that are even.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
test1[isEven(test1)]
[1]  82  70 100  90

43.27 QUESTION 27

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 27
# Use the isEven function that you created above to create a new function named isOdd.
# isOdd should work similarly to isEvn but isOdd  should return a vector that contains
# TRUE if a number is odd and FALSE if the number is even.
#
# EXAMPLE:
# # DEFINE THE FUNCTION isEven HERE
# > isOdd ( c(2, 13, 23, 14) )
# [1] FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
isOdd = function(nums){
  !isEven(nums)
}

43.28 QUESTION 28

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 28
# Use the isOdd function that you described above to display the names
# of the students who got odd numbered grades on test1. 
# Show their grades below their names.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
students [ isOdd(test1) ]
[1] "joe"    "anne"   "esther" "larry" 
test1 [ isOdd(test1) ]
[1] 85 95 93 39

43.29 QUESTION 29

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 29
# Write a single command to display the following. The 2nd and 3rd lines 
# should each be indented by one tab. Make sure to get all the 'apostrophes'
# and "quotes" displayed correctly.
#
#    Joe's parrot said:
#        "I want a cracker.
#         I want it now."
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cat("Joe's parrot said:\n\t\"I want a cracker.\n\t I want it now.\"")
Joe's parrot said:
    "I want a cracker.
     I want it now."

43.30 QUESTION 30

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 30
# 
# The following "numbers" were entered using "quotes".
# What will be the output from the following line of code?
#
#   > nums = c("2000", "9", "1", "350", "3" )
#   > sort(nums)
#
# Fill in the blank in the following code so that the numbers 
# sort in numeric order. Do not change anything else in the code.
# You answer should work no matter what "numbers" are actually in
# the code.
# 
#   > nums = c("2000", "9", "1", "350", "3" )
#   > FILL IN YOUR ANSWER HERE SO THAT THE NEXT LINE PRODUCES THE OUTPUT SHOWN BELOW
#   > sort(nums)
#   [1] 1 3 9 350 2000
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nums = c("2000", "9", "1", "350", "3" )
nums = as.numeric(nums)
sort(nums)
[1]    1    3    9  350 2000

43.31 QUESTION 31

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 31
# 
# The grades vector shown below shows the grades for a test. 
# The grades for some students who missed the test were entered as NA.
# Fill in a command to get the average of the grades - not counting the NA grades.
#  
#   > grades = c(NA, 75,  NA, 85, 90, 70 )
#   > # COMMAND TO GET AVERAGE - IGNORE THE "missing" or NA grades
#   [1] 
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# one answer (using na.rm)
grades = c(NA, 75,  NA, 85, 90, 70 )
mean( grades, na.rm=TRUE)
[1] 80
# another answer (wihtout na.rm)
grades = c(NA, 75,  NA, 85, 90, 70 )
mean( grades[!is.na(grades)] )
[1] 80

43.32 QUESTION 32

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 32
# 
# The grades vector shown below shows the grades for a test. 
# The numbers were incorrectly entered using "quotes".
# The grades for some students who missed the test were entered as NA
# and for others the grades were entered as "missing".
# Fill in code as shown below so that you generate average.
# Note that a warning may be shown - that is fine.
#  
#   > grades = c(NA, "75",  NA, "85", "90", "missing", "70" )
#   > # COMMAND TO GET AVERAGE - IGNORE THE "missing" or NA grades
#   [1] 80
#   Warning message: ..... (some warning messages may be shown)
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# one answer
grades = c("NA", "75",  "NA", "85", "90", "missing", "70" )
mean( as.numeric(grades), na.rm=TRUE)
Warning in mean(as.numeric(grades), na.rm = TRUE): NAs introduced by coercion
[1] 80
# another answer
grades = c("NA", "75",  "NA", "85", "90", "missing", "70" )
mean( as.numeric(grades)[!is.na(as.numeric(grades))])
Warning in mean(as.numeric(grades)[!is.na(as.numeric(grades))]): NAs introduced
by coercion
Warning in mean(as.numeric(grades)[!is.na(as.numeric(grades))]): NAs introduced
by coercion
[1] 80

43.33 QUESTION 33

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 33
# 
# It is VERY important to understand how to use R's debugger.
# This question tests your knowledge of how to use R's debugger.
# You do NOT have to write code to answer this question.
# Rather your job is to write what you see as the debugger runs
# as described in the instructions below.
#
# Refer to the function, strangeFunction, that appears below these instructions.
# This function is written with several advanced R concepts that you did not learn
# about yet. You are not expected to understand all of this code. Keep reading
# to understand what you ARE supposed to do.
#
#
#     strangeFunction = function(){
#       yourName = "John Doe"
#       functionText = paste0(capture.output(strangeFunction),collapse="")
#       functionText = strsplit(functionText,"")[[1]]
#       functionText = functionText[ ! ( functionText %in% c("\n","\t"," ","\r")) ]
#       endOfFunction = max(which (functionText == "}"))
#       functionText = functionText[ 1:endOfFunction ]
#       s = sum(sapply(functionText,function(c)as.numeric(charToRaw(c))))
#       set.seed(s)
#       x = trunc(runif(1) * 10000)
#       message = paste0("Don't pay attention to this return value.",
#                        " What is the value of x as the function runs?",
#                        " Use the debugger to figure it out.",
#                        " By the way, if you change the code in the function AT ALL",
#                        " the answer will be different :). The only way to",
#                        " get the right answer is to use the debugger.")
#       return(message)
#     }
#
# strangeFunction, doesn't seem to do anything useful 
# strangeFunction() will always output the following message:
#
#   > strangeFunction()
#   [1] "Don't pay attention to this return value. 
#        What is the value of x as the function runs? 
#        Use the debugger to figure it out. 
#        By the way, if you change the code in the 
#        function AT ALL the answer will be different :). 
#        The only way to get the right answer is to use the debugger."
#
# To answer this question do the following:
# 
#    1. Change the value of the variable yourName to your actual name.
#       The function currently has:
#           yourName = "John Doe"
#
#       Change "John Doe" to your actual name, for example:
#           yourName = "Michael Greenspilzingower"
#
#       
#    2. The following line appears in the function:
#
#           x = trunc(runif(1,1,100000))
#
#       Use the debugger to find the value of x as the function runs.
#
#       Note that everyone should have their own name in the variable yourName.
#       This function uses some advanced R concepts to ensure that 
#       changing the code of the function will change the value that is 
#       assigned to x in unpredictable ways. Therefore since everyone 
#       changed the code of the function by adding their own name, everyone should
#       have a different answer to this question.
#
#       Your answer should include a copy of your version of the function as well 
#       as the value of x that you got from the debugger.
#       For example, Michael Greenspilzingower should report his answer as follows:
#
#               For my version of the function, the value of x is : 9281
#               My version of the function is below.
#
#                   strangeFunction = function(){
#                      yourName = "Michael Greenspilzingower"
#                      functionText = paste0(capture.output(strangeFunction),collapse="")
#                      functionText = strsplit(functionText,"")[[1]]
#                      functionText = functionText[ ! ( functionText %in% c("\n","\t"," ","\r")) ]
#                      endOfFunction = max(which (functionText == "}"))
#                      functionText = functionText[ 1:endOfFunction ]
#                      s = sum(sapply(functionText,function(c)as.numeric(charToRaw(c))))
#                      set.seed(s)
#                      x = trunc(runif(1) * 10000)
#                      message = paste0("Don't pay attention to this return value.",
#                                       " What is the value of x as the function runs?",
#                                       " Use the debugger to figure it out.",
#                                       " By the way, if you change the code in the function AT ALL",
#                                       " the answer will be different :). The only way to",
#                                       " get the right answer is to use the debugger.")
#                      return(message)
#                   }
#
#       NOTE: If you leave the name as John Doe, then the value of x is 7388.
#       You can use this to check to make sure that you are doing the question
#       correctly before trying your own name.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

43.34 QUESTION 34

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 34
#
# create a function named equal values that takes two vectors, v1 and v2,
# and returns a vector of those values that are equal and in the same
# positions in the two vectors.
#
#  EXAMPLE
#    > equal( c(100,200,300,400), c(50, 200, 60, 400))
#    [1] 200 400
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
equal = function( v1, v2) {
  return ( v1 [ v1 == v2])
}

equal( c(100,200,300,400), c(50, 200, 60, 400))
[1] 200 400

43.35 QUESTION 35

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 35
#
# Create a function named mixAndPaste that takes the following arguments and 
# returns the value described below.
#
# Arguments
#    x   -   a vector
#    y   -   a vector of the same length as x
#
# Return value
#    A character vector that pastes the values of x and y together. 
#    The 1st, 3rd, 5th, etc positions of the return value should have the 
#    x value before the y value.
#    The 2nd, 4th, 6th, etc positions of the return value should have the
#    y value before the x value.
#
# EXAMPLE1
#   > mixAndPaste( c("a","b","c","d","e","f"), c("u","v","w","x","y","z"))
#   [1] "au" "vb" "cw" "xd" "ey" "zf"
#
# EXAMPLE2
#   > mixAndPaste(c("apple", "pear", "lemon", "plum"),c("RED", "GREEN", "YELLOW", "PURPLE"))
#   [1] "appleRED"    "GREENpear"   "lemonYELLOW" "PURPLEplum" 
#
# HINTS
#   a. You can use more than one line of code in the function definition.
#   b. You can create new "local" variables in the function definition.
#   c. Figure out how to create two new local variables in the function.
#      One of the local variables should contain the first vector to be pasted 
#         (e.g. using the values from EXAMPLE1 above, this first vector
#          would contain "a" "v" "c" "x" "e" "z")
#      and another vector should contain the second vector to be pasted
#         (e.g. using the values from EXAMPLE1 above, this second vector
#          would contain "u" "b" "w" "d" y" "f".
#      Then the function should reutrn the values of those vectors pasted together.
#   d. To accomplish c. above, remember that you can assign values to specific
#      locations in a vector, as long as that vector already exists.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# The following is one possible suggested answer.
# There can be many other correct answers.

mixAndPaste = function(x,y) {
  # To explain how this code works let's assume for example that 
  # the function was called as:
  #   mixAndPaste(c("apple", "pear", "lemon", "plum"),c("RED", "GREEN", "YELLOW", "PURPLE"))
  #
  # Therefore
  #    x is c("apple", "pear", "lemon", "plum") and
  #    y is c("RED", "GREEN", "YELLOW", "PURPLE")
  #
  # The goal in the code below is to get the vector named left to be 
  #      c("apple", "GREEN", "lemon", "PURPLE")
  #
  # and to get the vector named right to be 
  #      c("RED", "pear", "YELLOW", "plum")
  #
  # Then if we paste together the vectors left and right, we'll get the 
  # result we want, i.e. 
  #      c("appleRED", "GREENpear", "YELLOWlemon", "plumPURPLE")

  # set the local variable, left, to x, e.g. left = c("apple", "pear", "lemon", "plum") 
  left = x   
  
  # replace the even positions in left with the even positions from y
  # e.g. after this line runs, left will be c("apple", "GREEN", "lemon", "PURPLE")
  left[seq(2,length(x),by=2)] = y[seq(2,length(x),by=2)]   
  
  # Now set the local variable, right, to y, eg. right = c("RED", "GREEN", "YELLOW", "PURPLE")
  right = y

  # replace the even positions in right with the even positions from x
  # e.g. after this line runs, right will be c("RED", "pear", "YELLOW", "plum")
  right[seq(2,length(x),by=2)] = x[seq(2,length(x),by=2)]   
  
  return(paste0(left,right))
}

mixAndPaste( c("a","b","c","d","e","f"), c("u","v","w","x","y","z"))
[1] "au" "vb" "cw" "xd" "ey" "zf"
mixAndPaste(c("apple", "pear", "lemon", "plum"),c("RED", "GREEN", "YELLOW", "PURPLE"))
[1] "appleRED"    "GREENpear"   "lemonYELLOW" "PURPLEplum"

43.36 QUESTION 36

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 36
#
# The built-in function, which, returns the positions in a logical vector that are TRUE.
# For example
#
#    > which ( c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE)) # 2 5 because those positions are TRUE
#    [1] 2 5   
#
#    > nums = c(9999,3,950,222,-5)
#    > which(nums > 100)    # 1 3 4   because the 1st, 3rd and 4th values are greater than 100
#    [1] 1 3 4
#
#    > which ( c(FALSE, FALSE) ) # integer(0) ... this means that no values are TRUE
#    integer(0)
#
# Create a function named, myWhich, that does the same thing as the built-in, "which" function.
# Your function should takee a single argument named x.
# Do NOT use the which command in your code.
#
#  EXAMPLE1
#    > myWhich ( c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE)) # 1 2 5 because those positions are TRUE
#    [1] 1 2 5   
#
#    > nums = c(10,3,950,222,-5)
#    > myWhich(nums > 100)    # 3 4   because the 3rd and 4th position values are greater than 100
#    [1] 3 4
#
#    > myWhich ( c(FALSE, FALSE) ) # integer(0) ... this means that no values are TRUE
#    integer(0)
#
# HINTS
#    - Create a local variable that contains the position numbers from 1 until the last
#      position in x. Return some of the values from that local variable.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
myWhich = function(x){
  nums = 1:length(x)
  return ( nums[x])
}

myWhich( c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE))
[1] 1 2 5

43.37 QUESTION 37

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 37
#
# Create a function named nextValue that takes the following arguments:
#
# Arguments:
#      vec   - expected to be a vector
#      position  - is a position in the vector, expected to be between 1 and length(wordVec)
#
# There is obviously a value at the specified position in vec.
# The function should return the value from vec that is alphabetically (if vec is character)
# or numerically (if vec is numeric) right after the specified value. See the examples below.
#
# HINTS
#       - you may create local variables in your function to help you 
#         work through the ideas
#
#       - use the sort function to help you
#
#       - realize that positions after the last value in a vector are NA
#      
#    
#
# EXAMPLE1
#   > # banana is in the 4th position, "car" is alphabetically after "banana"
#   > nextValue (vec = c("fox", "car", "apple", "banana", "deer", "ball", "elephant"),
#                position = 4)
#   [1] "car"
#
# EXAMPLE2 (same words as example1)
#   > # "deer" is in the 5th position, "elephant" is alphabetically after "deer"
#   > nextValue (vec = c("fox", "car", "apple", "banana", "deer", "ball", "elephant"),
#                position = 5)
#   [1] "elephant"
#
# EXAMPLE3 (same words as example1)
#   > # The 1st word is "fox" and it is the last word alphabetically, so return NA
#   > nextValue (vec = c("fox", "car", "apple", "banana", "deer", "ball", "elephant"),
#                position = 1)
#   [1] NA
#
# EXAMPLE4 (this time with a numeric vector)
#   > # In this example, the value in the 2nd position is 425.
#   > # 690 is the next value numerically after 425.
#   > nextValue ( c(100, 425, 50, 400, 690, 800, 200), 2 )    # 690
#   [1] 690
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nextValue = function( vec, position ) {
  sorted = sort(vec)
  nums = 1:length(vec)
  newPosition = nums [ sorted == vec[position] ]
  return(sorted[newPosition+1])
}

# EXAMPLE1
nextValue (vec = c("fox", "car", "apple", "banana", "deer", "ball", "elephant"),
           position = 4)
[1] "car"
#   [1] "car"

# EXAMPLE2
nextValue (vec = c("fox", "car", "apple", "banana", "deer", "ball", "elephant"),
                position = 5)
[1] "elephant"
#   [1] "elephant"

# EXAMPLE3 (same words as example1)
nextValue (vec = c("fox", "car", "apple", "banana", "deer", "ball", "elephant"),
                position = 1)
[1] NA
#   [1] NA

# EXAMPLE4 (this time with a numeric vector)
nextValue ( c(100, 425, 50, 400, 690, 800, 200), 2 )    # 690
[1] 690
#   [1] 690

43.38 QUESTION 38

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 38
#
# Create a function, wordsBetween
# Arguments:
#      wordVec   - expected to be a character vector of words (or any other character data)
#      wordA     - a single word
#      wordB     - another single word
#
# The function should return a vector of the words from wordVec that 
# appear in wordsBetween that are alphabetically between wordA and wordB.
#
#   EXAMPLE
#     # DEFINE FUNCTION wordsBetween HERE
#     > words = c("car", "bicycle", "harley", "truck", "boat", "caravan", "minivan", "plane")
#     > wordsBetween(words, "cat", "monkey")
#     [1] "harley" "minivan" 
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
wordsBetween = function(wordVec, wordA, wordB){
  wordVec[ wordVec >= wordA & wordVec <= wordB]
}

words = c("car", "bicycle", "harley", "truck", "boat", "caravan", "minivan", "plane")
wordsBetween(words, "cat", "monkey")
[1] "harley"  "minivan"

43.39 QUESTION 39

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 39 
#
# Write the number 0.00031 in R's version of scientific notation.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.1e-4   # run this line to see that this is equal to 0.00031
[1] 0.00031

43.40 QUESTION 40

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUESTION 40 
#
# After running an R command R responded with 
#    [1] 1.23e+12
# Explain what that means. Write that number in a more familiar form? 
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ANSWER
#
# 1.23e+12 is simply a number written using R's version of "scientific notation". 
# 1.23e+12 means 1.23 times 10^12. 
#
# You can read the letter "e" in 1.23e+12 as "times 10 to the power of" to get
# 1.23 times 10 to the power of +12.
#
# R uses "scientific notation" to concisely write numbers that are very very large,
# and numbers that are very very small.
# eg. 9870000000000 is equivalent 9.87e+12
# and 0.000000000987 is equivalent to 9.87e-10
#
# You can figure out the value of 1.23e+12 as a more familiar looking number by
# moving the decimal point from 1.23 to the right 12 times.
# Moving to the right twice gets 123, but then you need to move to the right 10 more times,
# so simply add 10 more zeros to get 1230000000000.